Avances en el manejo de la variabilidad del suelo mediante tecnologías de IoT y teledetección

Authors

  • Nestor M. Montoya Pineda Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
  • Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
  • Mario Alberto Méndez Dorado Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro
  • Eduardo Osorio Hernández Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
  • Celestino García Gómez Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
  • Héctor Flores Breceda Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59741/agraria.v23i3.778

Keywords:

variabilidad espacial del suelo; teledetección; internet de las cosas (IoT); agricultura de precisión; mapeo digital de suelos; sensores proximales.

Abstract

El suelo presenta una alta variabilidad espacial, incluso dentro de una misma parcela, debido a diferencias en la textura, la humedad, la fertilidad y la capacidad productiva. Comprender y gestionar esta heterogeneidad es uno de los principales desafíos de la agricultura de precisión. En este contexto, la teledetección y el internet de las cosas (IoT) se han consolidado como herramientas fundamentales para caracterizar y monitorear las propiedades del suelo. La teledetección, mediante satélites y drones, permite generar mapas digitales de suelos y analizar la relación entre el relieve y el rendimiento de los cultivos a escalas espaciales amplias. Complementariamente, los sensores proximales, como la conductividad eléctrica aparente, la espectroscopía y el radar de penetración terrestre (GPR), facilitan la evaluación de las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo. Por su parte, los sensores IoT instalados en campo registran en tiempo real variables como la humedad y los nutrientes, y envían información que apoya la toma de decisiones sobre riego y fertilización. La integración de estas tecnologías ha impulsado estrategias de manejo sitio-específico que contribuyen a optimizar el uso de agua e insumos y, en ciertos casos, incrementar la productividad. No obstante, persisten desafíos relacionados con los costos, la capacitación técnica y la integración de datos. Este artículo revisa los avances recientes en la aplicación de la teledetección y de los sensores IoT para la gestión de la variabilidad espacial del suelo en la agricultura de precisión.

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Author Biographies

  • Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

    Dr. Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado completed his undergraduate degree in 1990, the year he was awarded the title of Agricultural Engineer by the Faculty of Agronomy at the Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL). In 1996, he successfully completed the Agricultural Machinery Design course, held from February 12 to October 11, organized by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Later, in 2002, he successfully completed the group training course on the Application of Automation Technology in Agricultural Machinery at the Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine in Japan, from June 27 to October 11, 2002, also organized by JICA under the Japanese Government's International Cooperation Program. He pursued graduate studies at the Antonio Narro Autonomous Agricultural University, where he earned a Master of Science degree in the field of Agroindustrial Mechanical Design in 2004. He completed his doctoral studies in Japan, earning a Ph.D. in Agricultural Science in 2009, with a specialization in technology development for ecosystems, from Kyushu University. During his doctoral training, he was the recipient of a PROMEP scholarship from the Ministry of Public Education (SEP) to study at Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, from April 1, 2006, to March 31, 2009. Additionally, he received a scholarship from the City of Fukuoka Program to conduct a research project at the same university from August 1 to December 31, 2006. Since 1992, he has been part of the academic staff at the Faculty of Agronomy at the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, where he currently holds the position of Full Professor C. His area of specialization is the development of technology and automation applied to agriculture and the food industry. He has completed four international research stays and has a strong track record in human resource development. He has supervised four doctoral dissertations, two master’s theses, and co-supervised two additional master’s theses, as well as six undergraduate theses. He has also served as an advisor for six other undergraduate theses. Currently, he is supervising or co-supervising two doctoral dissertations and one master’s thesis. In the field of scientific production, he is the author of 58 peer-reviewed articles, five books, and 14 book chapters specialized in his field. He has been a member of the National System of Researchers (SNII) since 2010, having been recognized as a Candidate (2010–2012), Level I (2013–2015, 2016–2019, 2020–2024), and more recently as Level II for the 2025–2029 period. Throughout his career, he has received several awards for his outstanding academic and scientific work. In 2014, he was honored with the FAUANL Professional Recognition for his contributions to the scientific field in the agro-industrial sector. In 2023, he received the Best Researcher Award during the 6th Edition of the International Research Awards on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems, and in 2024 he was awarded the UANL Research Prize. He has delivered more than 37 presentations at congresses, colloquia, workshops, seminars, and conferences, including 10 invited lectures. He has led five research projects funded by external sources and 11 projects supported by internal funding. He also actively participates in academic evaluation as a reviewer for CONACYT research projects and monitors projects under the SEDAR–CONACYT Sectoral Funds. He serves as an evaluator for the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) and the Central American Accreditation Agency for Graduate Studies (ACAP). He is also a member of the editorial board of two internationally circulated scientific journals. He was recognized for his leadership of the Academic Board on Environment and Sustainability, which has been acknowledged as consolidated by the Program for the Professional Development of Professors (PRODEP) of the Ministry of Public Education for the period 2010–2025.

  • Mario Alberto Méndez Dorado, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro

    2013-01-14 to present  PhD (Biological & Agricultural Engineering)

    2008-09-08 to 2011-02-28 | M.S. (Robotics & Advanced Manufacturing)

    2001-08-06 to 2005-12-05 | B.S. (Agricultural Machinery)

     

  • Eduardo Osorio Hernández, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas

    2014-09-17 to present | Dr ( Faculty of Engineering and Sciences)

  • Celestino García Gómez , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

    2018-08-16 to present | profesor/investigador (FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA)

    2010-08-01 to 2014-07-31 | Doctorado en Ciencias con especialidad en biotecnología (biotecnología)

    2007-08-01 to 2009-07-31 | Maestría en Ciencias de la Ingeniería: Ingeniería Química (Ingeniería Química)

  • Héctor Flores Breceda , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

    2009-10-22 to present | M.C. (Facultad de Agronomía)

    2008-10-23 to present | profesor/investigador (FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA)

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Published

2026-11-03

Issue

Vol. 23 No. 3 (2026): En progreso (Septiembre-Diciembre de 2026)

Section

Ciencias Agrícolas

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro

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How to Cite

Avances en el manejo de la variabilidad del suelo mediante tecnologías de IoT y teledetección. (2026). Agraria, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.59741/agraria.v23i3.778

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